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Services in General Medicine


Diabetes


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Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy.

Symptoms of diabetes:

  • increased hunger
  • increased thirst
  • weight loss
  • frequent urination
  • blurry vision
  • extreme fatigue

Diabetes Diagnosis :

  • The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures your blood sugar after you’ve fasted for 8 hours.
  • The A1C test provides a snapshot of your blood sugar levels over the previous 3 months.
  • To diagnose gestational diabetes, your doctor will test your blood sugar levels between the 24th and 28th weeks of your pregnancy.
  • During the glucose challenge test, your blood sugar is checked an hour after you drink a sugary liquid.
  • During the 3 hour glucose tolerance test, your blood sugar is checked after you fast overnight and then drink a sugary liquid.

Obesity

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Disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems. Obesity is commonly defined as having too much body mass. A BMI of 30 or higher is the usual benchmark for obesity in adults. A BMI of 40 or higher is considered severe (formerly “morbid”) obesity.



Causes Of obesity:

  • Genetics, which can affect how your body processes food into energy and how fat is stored
  • Growing older, which can lead to less muscle mass and a slower metabolic rate, making it easier to gain weight
  • Pregnancy, as weight gained during pregnancy may be difficult to lose and might eventually lead to obesity

Obesity Diagnosis:

  • Blood tests to examine cholesterol and glucose levels
  • Liver function tests
  • A diabetes screening
  • Thyroid tests
  • Heart tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Hypertention


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Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure. Hypertension can be defined as chronic or transitory elevation of the blood pressure in the arteries. This elevation may be caused due to cardiovascular damage.

Symptoms of High blood Pressure :

  • Severe headache
  • Fatigue or confusion
  • Chest pain
  • Abnormal heartbeat
  • Vision issues
  • Blood in the urine

Treatment Includes:

  • Intake of healthier diet with less salt
  • Regular Exercise and taking medication can help to lower blood pressure
  • Stress management
  • Quit smoking
  • Proper medications

Thyroid Problems


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Thyroid disease is a common disorder that can occur due to over- or under-function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is an important organ to produce thyroid hormones which maintains body metabolism.


Symptoms of Hypothyroidism include:

  • Fatigue
  • Feeling cold
  • Dry Skin
  • Depression
  • Fluid Retention
  • Constipation

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism include:

  • Fast Heart Rate
  • Tremor
  • Nervousness
  • Sweating
  • Inadility to bear Heat
  • Constipation

Brain Stroke

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Symptoms Of Brain Stroke:

  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Hallucination
  • Pain
  • Shortness of breath or trouble breathing
  • Fainting or losing consciousness
  • Seizures


A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, or when there’s a blockage in the blood supply to the brain.

Brain Stroke Diagnosis:

Your doctor might draw blood for several blood tests. Blood tests can determine:

  • your blood sugar levels
  • If you have an infection
  • Your platelet levels
  • How fast your blood clots
  • You may undergo either or both a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and a computerized tomography (CT) scan.
  • Your doctor may order an electrocardiogram (EKG), too. This simple test records the electrical activity in the heart, measuring its rhythm and recording how fast it beats.
  • A carotid ultrasound, also called a carotid duplex scan, can show fatty deposits (plaque) in your carotid arteries, which supply the blood to your face, neck, and brain.
  • An echocardiogram can find sources of clots in your heart. These clots may have traveled to your brain and caused a stroke.

Liver Failure


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Symptoms Of Liver Failure:

  • Nausea
  • Loss of appetite
  • Fatigue
  • Diarrhea



The doctor will use a needle to remove a small piece of liver tissue and look at it in the lab.

Liver Disease and Diagnosis:

Tests and procedures used to diagnose liver failure and liver disease include:

  • Blood Test
  • Imaging tests
  • Ultrasound
  • Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scanning
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Biopsy

Fever


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Symptoms of fever include:

  • Shivering
  • Loss in appetite
  • Feeling cold
  • Dehydration
  • Irritability
  • Sweating
  • Sleeplessness


A person has a fever if their body temperature rises above the normal range of 98–100°F (36–37°C). It is a common sign of an infection. we do quick treatment for viral fever if the patients suffering from serious, difficult and unusual medical problems

Tests and procedures used to diagnose liver failure and liver disease include:

Assess your symptoms by checking your temperature. Fever is present if your temperature is 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. Take proper rest. Don’t allow your body to be dehydrated. Drink water or diluted juice which replenishes fluids lost through sweating. Take over-the-counter medications to decrease fever. Note that you should not give aspirin to infant or child without consultation with your best doctors for fever in Guntur Stay cool. Unless you have chills, remove extra layers of blankets and clothing. Cold compress can be used to make you more comfortable. Ice cube baths, Cold baths or rubs or alcohol baths can be dangerous and should be avoided. Whatever may be the thermometer’s reading, if you have any concerns, consult your doctor for viral fever treatment at best clinic for fever in Guntur.

Sleep Disorders


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Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. Whether they are caused by a health problem or by too much stress,hectic schedules, and other outside influences.

Diagonized Sleep Disorders:

  • Polysomnography (PSG)
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)


Symptoms Of Sleep Disorders :

  • Difficulty falling or staying asleep
  • Daytime fatigue
  • Strong urge to take naps during the day
  • Unintentional changes to your sleep/wake schedule
  • Irritability or anxiety
  • Lack of concentration
  • Depression

Symptoms Of obstructive sleep apnea :

  • Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Loud snoring
  • Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep
  • Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking
  • Awakening with a dry mouth or sore throat
  • Morning headache
  • Difficulty concentrating during the day

Treatment Of Sleep Disorders:

  • Sleeping pills
  • Medications for any underlying health issues
  • Allergy or cold medication
  • breathing device or surgery (usually for sleep)

Jaundice


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Causes Of Jaundice:

  • Jaundice is caused by a buildup of bilirubin, a waste material, in the blood
  • An inflamed liver or obstructed bile duct can lead to jaundice, as well as other underlying conditions
  • Diagnosis of jaundice can involve a range of tests.


Jaundice is a term used to describe a yellowish colourto the skin and the whites of the eye and body fluids may also be yellow.

Treatment Of Jaundice:

The following treatments are used:

  • Anemia-induced jaundice may be treated by boosting the amount of iron in the blood by either taking iron supplements or eating more iron-rich foods
  • jaundice requires antiviral or steroid medications
  • Doctors can treat obstruction-induced jaundice by surgically removing the obstruction

Symptoms Of Jaundice:

  • Dark Urine
  • Itchiness
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Weight Loss
  • Abdominal Pain
  • Vomiting

Joint Pains


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Symptoms Of Joint Pain:

  • joint redness
  • joint swelling
  • joint tenderness
  • joint warmth
  • limping
  • Loss of range of motion of the joint

Diagnosis Joint Pain:

  • Your doctor will probably perform a physical exam. They’ll also ask you a series of questions about your joint pain.
  • A joint X-ray may be necessary to identify arthritis-related joint damage
  • If your doctor suspects there’s another cause, they may order a blood test to screen for certain immune disorders and they may also request a sedimentation rate test to measure the level of inflammation in the body or a complete blood count.

Treatment Of Joint Pains:

  • Home Treatment : Doctors consider both OA and RA to be chronic conditions. There’s no treatment currently available that will completely eliminate the joint pain associated with arthritis or keep it from returning. However, there are ways to manage the pain
  • Medical Treatment :Your treatment options will depend on the cause of the pain. In some cases, your doctor will need to draw out accumulated fluid in the joint area to test for infection or other causes of the joint pain. They might also recommend surgery to replace the joint.

Infections


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An infection occurs when another organism enters your body and causes disease. The organisms that cause infections are very diverse and can include things like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.



Symptoms Of Infection Disease:

  • Fever Or chills
  • Body aches and pains
  • Feeling tired or fatigued
  • Coughing or sneezing
  • limping
  • Weakness
  • Digestive upset, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea

Treatment Of Infection Disease:

  • Viral Infections : The treatment of viral infections relays on relieving symptoms until your immune system clears the infection
  • Bacterial Infections : Bacterial infections are most often treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics are medications that affect bacterial growth and can kill bacteria from multiplying
  • Parasite Infections : There are specific drugs available to treat a parasitic infection. The type of antiparasitic medication will depend on the type of parasite that’s causing your infection

Neuropathy


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Symptoms Of Neuropathy:

  • Tingling (“pins and needles”) or numbness, especially in the hands and feet. Sensations can spread to the arms and legs.
  • Sharp, burning, throbbing, stabbing or electric-like pain.
  • Falling, loss of coordination.
  • Muscle weakness, difficulty walking or moving your arms or legs.
  • Muscle twitching, cramps and/or spasms.


Neuropathy is damage or disfunction of one or more nerves that typically results in numbness, tingling, muscle weakness and pain in the affected area.

Causes Of Neuropathy

  • Diabetes: This is a leading cause of neuropathy in the United States. Some 60% to 70% of people with diabetes experience neuropathy. Diabetes is the most common cause of small fiber neuropathy, a condition that causes painful burning sensations in the hands and feet.
  • Trauma: Injuries from falls, car accidents, fractures or sports activities can result in neuropathy. Compression of the nerves due to repetitive stress or narrowing of the space through which nerves run are other causes.
  • Autoimmune disorders and infections: Guillain-Barré syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy are autoimmune disorders that can cause neuropathy. Infections including chickenpox, shingles, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes, syphilis, Lyme disease, leprosy, West Nile virus, Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C can also cause neuropathy.
  • Other health conditions: Neuropathy can result from kidney disorders, liver disorders, hypothyroidism, tumors (cancer-causing or benign) that press on nerves or invade their space, myeloma, lymphoma and monoclonal gammopathy.

Vertigo


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Vertigo is a sensation of spinning dizziness, as though the room or surrounding environment is spinning in circles around the person. Many people use the term to describe a fear of heights, but this is not correct.

Vertigo can happen when a person looks down from a great height, but it usually refers to any temporary or ongoing spells of dizziness that occur due to problems in the inner ear or brain.



Symptoms Of Vertigo:

  • Light headedness
  • A sense of motion sickness
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Ringing in the ear, called tinnitus
  • A feeling of fullness in the ear
  • Headaches
  • Nystagmus, in which the eyes move uncontrollably, usually from side to side

Causes Of Vertigo

  • Peripheral causes: The structures in the inner ear may become inflamed spontaneously. Small crystals or stones found normally within the inner ear can become displaced and cause irritation to the small hair cells within the semicircular canals, leading to vertigo. This is known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
  • Infection of the vestibular nerve can cause dizziness or vertigo. This is called vestibular neuronitis, vestibular neuritis, or labyrinthitis.
  • Fluid buildup within the inner ear or the endolymphatic system causes Ménière's disease, vertigo that also includes hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in the ear). The cause of this fluid accumulation is unknown.

Geriatrics Medicine


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Geriatrics or geriatric medicine is a speciality that is based on improving health care for elderly people. It supports healthy improvement in older adults by preventing and treating disease and disability that often comes with ageing. Geriatric nursing involves catering help to older adults at their home, hospital or special institutions like the nursing home, psychiatric institution etc.


What is involved in Geriatric Care ?

  • Consider patients preferences and their needs.
  • Be kind, patient, and sympathetic towards them. Communicate with each other on a friendly level while showing respect to their feelings.
  • Support their decision-making skill and encourage them for independence in making choices for themselves.
  • Help adults to achieve emotional stability. On overcoming emotional blockage and expressing themselves to their loved ones.
  • Stimulate mental acuity and sensory input and physical activity to uplift their mood, self-esteem, and confidence.
  • Make the elders feel homely at their home. Help them stay lively and happily involved with the family members.
  • Offer diversion/ occupational therapy.
  • Maintain privacy. Make them feel safe and secure to openly talk about their physical and emotional needs.
  • Handle them gently.
  • Teach and encourage them to maintain body hygiene thus regulate body temperature.

Diabetic Foot Care


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Adopt foot - healthy habits :

  • Try wiggling your toes and moving your ankles for a few minutes a couple of times a day to improve blood flow.
  • Avoid sitting in the same position or crossing your legs for long
  • Avoid smoking because it affects circulation and healing adversely
  • Get periodic foot exams. See your doctor to help prevent the foot complications of diabetes.



Taking care of your feet will lower your risk of several serious complications:

Guidelines for Diabetic Foot care:

  • Inspect your feet daily. Check for cuts, blisters, redness, swelling, or nail problems. Use a magnifying hand mirror to look at the bottom of your feet. Call your doctor if you notice anything.
  • Wash your feet in lukewarm water - the temperature you’d use on a new –born baby.
  • Be gentle when bathing your feet. Wash them using a soft washcloth or sponge. Dry by blotting or patting and make sure to carefully dry between the toes.
  • Moisturise your feet daily but not between your toes - this could encourage a fungal infection.
  • Cut nails carefully and straight across. Also, file the edges. Don’t cut them too short, since this could lead to ingrown toenails.
  • Never trim corns or calluses. Let your doctor do the job.
  • Never walk barefoot even at home! You could step on something and get a cut.

Osteoporosis - Bone weakness


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Symptoms Of Osteoporosis :

  • Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra
  • Loss of height over time
  • A stooped posture
  • A bone that breaks much more easily than expected

Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.

Causes and Risk Factors :

  • Cigarette smoking
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Lack of exercise
  • Diet low in calcium
  • Poor nutrition and poor general health, especially associated with chronic inflammation or bowel disease
  • Malabsorption (nutrients are not properly absorbed from the gastrointestinal system) from bowel diseases, such as celiac sprue that can be associated with skin diseases, such as dermatitis herpetiformis
  • Low estrogen levels in women (which may occur in menopause or with early surgical removal of both ovaries) Low testosterone levels in men (hypogonadism)
  • Chemotherapy that can cause early menopause due to its toxic effects on the ovaries

Sepsis


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Sepsis is a severe medical condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection causes inflammation throughout the body. It can lead to widespread tissue damage, organ failure, and potentially death if not treated promptly.


Symptoms:

  • Fever or low body temperature
  • Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
  • Rapid breathing (tachypnea)
  • Confusion or disorientation
  • Extreme weakness
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Decreased urine output
  • Cold, clammy skin
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Reduced consciousness or coma (in severe cases)
  • Skin rash or discoloration
  • Pain or discomfort, especially in the abdomen or chest




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